Journal of Science Engineering Technology and Management Science

The sum of all input elements utilised to produce a certain amount of output is called the total cost of production. The two most common inputs to economic models are capital (K) and labour (L). It is believed that capital is a fixed input, meaning that its use is independent of output. As a unit of capital, the rental price is represented by r. The sum of all fixed costs is Kr. Because labour is a changeable input, the quantity of labour employed changes in relation to the level of output. Indeed, in the near term, changing the quantity of the variable input is the only means of influencing the output. The cumulative variable costs are Lw, where L is the cost of labour and w is the pay rate per unit. Thus, the sum of all costs is equal to the sum of all fixed costs and all variable costs. Putting a monetary value on the following: (1) time and energy put in; (2) materials used; (3) resources acquired; (4) water and electricity used; (5) potential dangers faced; and (6) missed opportunities that might have been avoided. While it's true that all costs are expenditures, not all costs are expenses. For example, the cost of an income-generating asset is not an expense. As the country's economy opens up and the global economic scene changes, the profession is becoming more aware of its responsibility to serve the nation, government, industry, and society in order to achieve the goals of a welfare state that lead to the prosperity and well-being of its people. Traditional auditing and accounting has fallen out of favour in modern times, with accountants now playing an increasingly important role in the allocation of limited resources like capital and land as well as in the implementation of strategic choices. As a result, cost and works accountants in India and throughout the world now have even more room to grow professionally by taking on the role of cost and management accountants in line with emerging trends and goals. Professionals in this field will, while employed, serve as the engine that propels management teams forward, as well as an important consultant, an efficient auditor of costs and management, and a suitable adviser. Because of this, the term "Management Accountant" is used to describe cost accountants in India. Our other name is this. Feel free to peruse our website at your leisure. There is comprehensive data accessible on our operations, background, and professional certifications.

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Author : S. Swapna,N. Prathyushraju

Title : A STUDY ON STRATEGIC COST ANALYSIS AND CONTROL TECHNIQUES FOR ENHANCING ORGANIZATIONAL EFFICIENCY AND PROFITABILITY WITH REFERENCE TO HERO MOTOCORP Ltd.

Volume/Issue : 2025;02(08)

Page No : 213-222

It is reasonable to assume that city investors are well-informed about the benefits of depository services for capital market operations in order to draw this conclusion from the research. Brokers, newspapers, and magazines were among the many ways in which investors learnt about the depository system. The Indian stock market has been expanding at a remarkable pace recently. Unfortunately, the underlying infrastructure has not kept pace with the expansion, so our current system is unable to cope with the deluge of paper. Issues such as high risk exposure, lengthy settlement periods, failed trades and faulty delivery, and delayed transfers have resulted from this. In a less developed market, these traits would typically be seen. A more effective approach is required to eliminate this growth-limiting factor as the market expands. The dependability of India's post-trade settlement procedure is another source of concern for international investors looking to invest in the country. The Indian capital market's main obstacle was its antiquated, paper-based settlement system, which was a major hindrance to the market's fast expansion. The Indian stock exchanges' antiquated trading system has been the subject of ongoing evaluation since 1992. There is now less paperwork, easier electronic book entry of security transfers, shorter settlement times, better liquidity in investment securities, and the ability to trade securities automatically and transparently on screens. The result of all this is that India's capital market has been growing. Transferring shares into one's own name really required more time. Because the investor is unable to sell their shares during this period, their liquidity is diminished. For big investors, who relied on quick transfers to keep their cash levels up, this has been an especially frustrating experience. On top of that, there was always the risk of theft or misplacement when shares were physically moved. The daily turnover on the stock market has grown substantially, amplifying the problem's enormity. Shares of over 7,500 businesses are traded on BSE alone, with an average daily transaction of Rs. 500 crores. Over 30 million investors in the nation use over 650 brokers to facilitate this trading. This has prompted the shift away from paper records and towards more efficient digital alternatives, such as electronic records (security).

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Author : S. Priyanka,Revelli Vamshikrishna

Title : A STUDY ON THE TRANSITION TO PAPERLESS SECURITIES: ASSESSING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DEPOSITORY SYSTEMS IN EMERGING MARKETS WITH REFERENCE TO ICICI

Volume/Issue : 2025;02(08)

Page No : 213-222

Financial derivatives, particularly futures and options, form the basis of the subject. In order to protect themselves against potential losses caused by changes in the value of underlying commodities, bonds, currencies, stocks, and stock indexes, traders have turned to the derivative market, which has been around for millennia.Futures contracts were developed to address the shortcomings of forward contracts in the derivatives market. In derivatives, options also play a significant role. When the market is going up, the writer of the call option makes more money. When the market goes down, the holder of the call option loses more money, while the writer of the put option makes more money. In this case, the writer is advised to hold the put option.An innovation to the cash market is the derivatives market. Every day, it approaches the level of the cash market in terms of turnover. While investors in the cash market are required to pay the whole amount, those in the derivatives market are required to pay premiums or margins, which constitute a portion of the total amount. The main function of derivatives is to provide a hedge against risk.Due to the fact that the derivatives industry is still relatively new in India and is thus unfamiliar to many investors, SEBI must take measures to educate the public. Some of SEBI's restrictions, including as those pertaining to contract size and FILL involvement in the derivatives market, need to be revised if the derivatives market in India is to grow. Minimising contract sizes is necessary since small investors just do not have the capital to pay such a high premium.

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Author : N. Shwetha,Mohammed Samreen

Title : A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON FINANCIAL DERIVATIVES: ANALYZING THE MECHANICS AND APPLICATIONS OF FUTURES AND OPTIONS WITH REFERENCE TO INDIA BULLS

Volume/Issue : 2025;02(08)

Page No : 231-235

Any organisation, individual, or other entity's monetary dealings are formally documented in a financial management report. A financial statement is more often known as an account in British English, which is used in United Kingdom business law. However, accountants and other professionals in the accounting field also use the phrase financial statement. A company's financial management consists of all the pertinent financial data provided in an organised and easily digestible way. The four cornerstones of sound financial management are usually: When it comes to big companies, these management are often intricate and may include a mountain of notes on financial management and management analysis and debate. Financial statements (balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement) may include notes that provide a more in-depth description of each item. The financial management would not be complete without the notes to that management. Goals of company financial management "The objective of financial management is to provide information about the financial position, performance and changes in financial position of an enterprise that is useful to a wide range of users in making economic decisions." Management of funds must to be comparable, comprehensible, relevant, and dependable. A company's financial health is intimately connected to its reported assets, liabilities, and equity. Organisational financial performance is inversely proportional to reported revenue and expenditures. To fully grasp financial management, one must possess "a reasonable knowledge of business and economic activities and accounting and who are willing to study the information diligently." Users may put financial management to many uses.

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Author : N. Shwetha,Rapelli Sahithya

Title : A STUDY ON FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN EMERGING MARKETS: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES WITH REFERENCE TO KESORAM

Volume/Issue : 2025;02(08)

Page No : 236-241

The activities of Full Fledged Money Changers in the Indian foreign exchange market are the primary subject of this research. The research is based on data collected from Weizmann Forex Ltd Limited, a top money changer in India serving clients all over the world via its extensive network of 78 locations. Several of Weizman Forex's (FFMC) offerings were the primary focus of the research. Foreign exchange trading (including buying and selling in bulk as well as retail buying and selling), traveler's checks, and world money cards for the most common international currencies are all part of the processes covered. The project's other objectives include researching franchisee and agent management, daily operations money management, and bank settlements. Additional procedures that were examined were remittance inversion to Western Union, telephonic transfer (T.T.) service provision, customer acquisition, reporting activities, and documentation of different transaction requirements by FFMCs. Research on the variables impacting the foreign exchange market and its players is also within the purview of this research. The analysis utilises major currencies. As part of the project, you'll need to handle everyday transactions such as bulk purchases, retail purchases, bulk sales, currency tallying, and settlements using a software package

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Author : N. Shwetha,Geesa Gnaneshwari

Title : A STUDY ANALYZING THE EFFICIENCY OF THE GLOBAL FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET: FACTORS INFLUENCING EXCHANGE RATE FLUCTUATIONS WITH REFERENCE TO HDFC

Volume/Issue : 2025;02(08)

Page No : 242-246

Forex traders use two types of research when trying to predict the future value movement of a cash pair. There are vendors who put all their eggs in the specialised examination basket, some who think about financial events via the lens of primary investigation, and yet others who do both. Since the two techniques are situationally dependent, neither is inherently correct nor is either strategy immediately applicable. Understudies in both specialised and large research eventually reach the same conclusions, even though the two types of research are highly different. In the long run, some researchers think that essential examination will generally be more successful with its predictive forces

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Author : S. Swapna,Uppuleti Mounika

Title : COMPARATIVE STUDY OF FUNDAMENTAL AND TECHNICAL ANALYSIS METHODS IN PREDICTING STOCK PRICE MOVEMENTS WITH REFERENCE TO RELIGARE

Volume/Issue : 2025;02(08)

Page No : 247-254

A variety of mutual fund schemes, including equity, debt, and hybrid funds, will be analysed and compared in this research. The diversity, expert management, and accessibility of mutual funds make them a top investing tool for regular investors. Examining different mutual fund schemes is the main emphasis of this study. In order to measure risk-adjusted returns and overall efficiency, major performance metrics such as Net Asset Value (NAV), Sharpe Ratio, Standard Deviation, Alpha, Beta, and Expense Ratio are used. The research compares funds over a set time frame to show how their return potential, volatility, and management approaches vary. Market circumstances, interest rates, and economic trends are some of the external elements that are taken into account while evaluating the performance of the fund. The idea is to make it easier for people to figure out which mutual fund is right for them based on their needs, timeline, and level of comfort with risk. A larger return with a higher risk is associated with equity funds, according to the results, but debt and hybrid funds are more stable. Finding the right mutual funds to diversify a portfolio and maximise wealth generation is easier with the help of a comparative analysis, according to the research

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Author : N. Shwetha,Gangipelly Akhila

Title : A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF MUTUAL FUNDS AND UNIT LINKED INSURANCE PLANS (ULIPS): EVALUATING INVESTMENT PERFORMANCE AND RISK WITH REFERENCE TO KOTAK

Volume/Issue : 2025;02(08)

Page No : 255-263

The Nifty 50, S&P CNX Nifty, or Standard & Poor's CRISIL NSE Index 50 is a popular stock market index. The impact of recent index additions to the benchmark Nifty index on the price and volume of Indian stock market transactions is examined in this research. There are substantial, positive, and persistently anomalous returns associated with index announcement and inclusion, according to this research. There is, to put it mildly, little evidence in favour of persistently anomalous volume around index increases. This study's findings disprove the two main hypotheses put out to explain the index inclusion effect: a downward sloping demand curve and pricing pressure. By demonstrating that adding stocks to the benchmark Nifty index seems to transmit information, this research adds to the expanding body of knowledge on index inclusion. Equipped with an ecosystem that includes exchange-traded funds (both onshore and offshore), exchangetraded futures and options (at NSE in India and at SGX and CME overseas), other index funds, and overthe-counter derivatives (mainly offshore), Nifty has grown into the biggest single financial instrument in India. With the S&P CNX Nifty, investment managers may get exposure to the Indian market across 23 different sectors. Nearly 60% of the NSE's market capitalisation is attributable to the S&P CNX Nifty equities.

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Author : P. Harini, Rakam Likhitha

Title : A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF NIFTY 50 AND NIFTY NEXT 50 INDICES: PERFORMANCE METRICS AND INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES WITH REFERENCE TO INDIABULLS

Volume/Issue : 2025;02(08)

Page No : 264-269

As of recent labor statistics, over 7.5 million individuals in the U.S. claimed unemployment insurance benefits in 2023, with total benefit disbursements exceeding $60 billion, highlighting the critical need for accurate forecasting to aid in budget planning and policy decisions. However, existing forecasting models often fail to adapt to seasonality, regional disparities, and temporal dependencies, resulting in suboptimal predictions and misallocated resources. This study introduces a comprehensive predictive framework for forecasting unemployment insurance beneficiaries using advanced time series techniques. Utilizing a rich dataset with attributes such as Year, Month, Region, County, Beneficiaries, and Benefit Amounts (Dollars), the proposed model pipeline begins with rigorous data preprocessing steps, including handling missing values and aggregating trends across counties and time. Stationarity is assessed using the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test. A suite of forecasting models is applied, including Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) for capturing linear dependencies, Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average with Exogenous Regressors (SARIMAX) for incorporating seasonality and exogenous variables, Auto-Regression for leveraging short-term lags, and Prophet for decomposing time series into trend, seasonality, and holiday components with robust adaptability.

Keywords : Unemployment Insurance Forecasting, Time Series Analysis, ARIMA, SARIMAX, Prophet Model, Seasonal Trends, Regional Disparities, Temporal Dependencies, Augmented Dickey-Fuller Test (ADF). This is an open access articl

Author : Rizwana Thaheseen, Karramareddy Sharmila, Talla Sushma

Title : A PREDICTIVE ANALYSIS ON UNEMPLOYED INSURANCE BENEFICIARY FORECASTING USING TIME SERIES TECHNIQUES

Volume/Issue : 2025;02(08)

Page No : 270-283

The increased sensitivity towards the environment in the recent years has impacted the consumer behaviour and marketing strategies to a great extent. The research paper expounds on the important issues of eco-labeling and brand trust of influencing consumer decision-making regarding buying green products. The research is expectation-set to evaluate the effect of eco-labels as demonstrators of environmental citizenship in consumer attitudes and whether brand trust reinforces the credibility and acceptability of green promotional statements. The study based on a mixed-method approach of surveys and interviews with consumers in cities reveals the main aspects that lead to the effectiveness of the used eco-labels as well as the path toward the formation of the trust in green brands. Based on the findings, it is hypothesized that the influence of eco-labeling in creating consumer awareness and purchase intention is rather influenced by the high brand trust since the importance of eco-labeling is enhanced by the high brand trust. The consumer will prefer to buy green product brands that are perceived to be very transparent, consistent and sustainability-friendly. The paper is closed off with a conclusion identifying the requirement of regulatory standardization of eco-labels as well as the necessity of utilizing trust-building tactics in order to covet the market of environmentally responsible consumers into which brands have an urge to penetrate.

Keywords : Green Marketing, Eco-Labeling, Brand Trust, Consumer Purchase Behavior, Sustainable Products, Environmental Awareness, Green Consumerism, Marketing Strategy, Consumer Perception, Ethical Branding

Author : Prof Sheetal N.Shah, Dr. Meena Deshmukh

Title : ASSESSING THE ROLE OF ECO-LABELING AND BRAND TRUST IN GREEN PRODUCT PURCHASES

Volume/Issue : 2025;02(08)

Page No : 284-292

High-strength concrete is indeed a new progression in concrete technology. It groups compressive strength of 40 MPa or above. Since HSC is another kind of solid, it has not been broadly utilized by the designers. Because of absence of research, it has just been utilized as a part of some reinforced concrete members and few large and precise structures. In our study, we will try to discover the ideal extent of mineral admixture with cement to accomplish most extreme packing density and make a mix design based on the obtained results. We will be utilized five mineral admixtures as a pozzolanic material in cement. The mineral admixtures utilized were Quartz powder, Fly ash, Metakaolin, Ultra-fine slag and Rice-husk ash. A third-generation superplasticizer will also be additionally used to set up the mix design with a specific end goal to minimize the water necessity for cement hydration. In this study we will also like to address two challenges that are commonly faced with concrete. One is the negative impact produced on environment due to huge Carbon Dioxide emission during cement manufacturing. We will try to in cooperate some greener materials partially replacing the cement in order to reduce harsh effect on environment. Crack development is also another bigger challenge that is faced by concrete. Crack development in high strength concrete is not a common phenomenon due to higher pore refinement and interface refinement. But with later ages if cracks developed it will deteriorate the structure. We can also do its reaping by filling those cracks, but it is not a sustainable technique. In this study we will try to make a concrete that will be able to heal its crack with the help of calcite precipitating bacteria. So that it can provide us a more sustainable structure. The scope of this study is huge as in recent times due to limited space we need to design a structure that may occupy space as less as possible meanwhile provide a great strength. So, HSC is key player for this situation. The Self-Healing concrete will help us to make a durable and sustainable structure. It will also help inn structure where crack development is common phenomenon and the repairing is that is also tough e.g.: Dams Bridges etc. The trial work will be done in four stages. The main stage incorporates finding of different properties of materials like specific gravity and water retention. The second stage incorporates optimization of binary blend by accomplishing greatest packing density utilizing strategy given by Puntke. After the analyses utilizing diverse materials, graphical portrayal was done to acquire the advanced extent the third stage which can go simultaneously with other stages is the development of calcite precipitating bacteria colonies. In the last stage we will make an optimum mix design which we will find from the above three stages. We will conduct experimental work for it and find the suitability of this concrete.

Keywords : Bacteria, Self-healing concrete, High strength concrete, Crack, Mineral precipitation, Biomineralization

Author : G.Sai Shruthi, Ajmeera Pavani

Title : HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE WITH SELF-HEALING PROPERTIES

Volume/Issue : 2025;02(08)

Page No : 293-298

Worldwide, a great deal of research is currently being conducted concerning the use of fiber reinforced plastic wraps, laminates and sheets in the repair and strengthening of reinforced concrete members. Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) application n is a very effective way to repair and strengthen structures that have become structurally weak over their life span. FRP repair systems provide an economically viable alternative to traditional repair systems and materials. Experimental investigations on the flexural and shear behavior of RC beams strengthened using continuous polypropylene fiber reinforced polymer (PFRP) sheets are carried out. In this project the experimental investigation conducted on the use of polypropylene fibre of length 12mm and 24mm, having an aspect ratio of around 800 was employed in equal percentages of 0.5 percentages by weight in cast concrete and tests like compressive strength, flexural strength and split tensile strength. Conventional concrete have very low tensile strength and small resistance to cracking. Internal cracks were inherently present in concrete and its poortensile strength is due to the propagation of such micro cracks. Fibers added to a certain percentage of the concrete improve the strain value as well as crack resistance and flexure strength.

Keywords : polypropylene fiber reinforced polymer (PFRP), Conventional concrete, flexural strength and split tensile strength

Author : D.Raghupathi, Tella Meghana

Title : COMPARISON OF ANALYSIS AND DESIGN BETWEEN A COMPOSITE STRUCTURE AND A REINFORCED CONCRETE

Volume/Issue : 2025;02(08)

Page No : 299-303

Every structure eventually fails during an earthquake because of its weak spots. This weakness results from irregular structures, which have discontinuities in their mass, stiffness, and geometry. Unusual structures make up a disproportionately huge proportion of urban infrastructure. One of the primary causes of building failures during earthquakes is vertical irregularities. For instance, buildings with flimsy storeys were the most notable buildings to collapse. As a result, the vertical irregularity significantly affects the structure's seismic performance. The dynamic behaviour of those building structures differs from a typical building due to heightwise modifications in stiffness and mass. STAAD, which stands for structural analysis, refers to the style of any object that is stable under a specific loading. The software called ETABS, also known as EXTENDED 3d Model OF BUILDING SYSTEMS, was created by Computer Systems or Structures, Inc. (CSI). The generalpurpose civil engineering programme SAP2000 is perfect for the design and analysis of any kind of structural system. A practical and user-friendly object-based modelling situation that simplifies and simplifying the engineering process can be used to model, analyse, design, and optimise basic and sophisticated systems, ranging from 2 to 3D, of simple geometry to complex. Finding the best approximation software to generate the results of structural analysis is the aim of this research.

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Author : G.Sudhakar, Saraboju Samathapriya

Title : MULTISTABLE STRUCTURES- ANALYSIS USING COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE SOFTWARE

Volume/Issue : 2025;02(08)

Page No : 304-306

In recent years considerable attention has been paid to research and development of structural control devices with particular emphasis on mitigation of wind and seismic response of buildings. Many vibrationcontrol measures like passive, active, semi-active and hybrid vibration control methods have been developed. Passive vibration control keeps the building to remain essentially elastic during large earthquakes and has fundamental frequency lower than both its fixed base frequency and the dominant frequencies of ground motion. Base isolation is a passive vibration control system.Free vibration and forced vibration analysis was carried out on the framed structure by the use of computer program SAP 2000 v12.0.0 and validating the same experimentally. The results of the free vibration analysis like time period, frequency, mode shape and modal mass participating ratios of the framed structure were found out. From modal analysis the first mode time period of fixed base building is found to be 0.56 sec whereas the first mode period of isolated building is found to be 3.11s (approximately 6 times the fixed-base period!). This value is away from the dominant spectral period range of design earthquake. Forced vibration analysis (non-linear time history analysis) was done to determine the response of framed structures and to find out the vibration control efficiency of framed structures using lead rubber bearing. Isolation bearings in this study are modelled by a bilinear model. Under favorable conditions, the isolation system reduces the interstorey drift in the superstructure by a factor of at least two and sometimes by a factor of at least five. Acceleration responses are also reduced in the structure by an amount of 55-75% although the amount of reduction depends upon the force deflection characteristic of the isolators. A better performance of the isolated structure with respect to the fixed base structure is also observed in floor displacements, base shear (75- 85% reduction), floor acceleration relative to the ground(less acceleration imparted on each floor and their magnitude is approximately same in each floor), roof displacement. Introduction of horizontal flexibility at the base helps in proper energy dissipation at the base level thus reducing the seismic demand of the super structure to be considered during design.

Keywords : Passive vibration control, Time history analysis, interstorey drift, yielded stiffness, Design basis earthquake.

Author : V.Srinivas, Mamidala shivakumar

Title : PASSIVE VIBRATION CONTROL OF FRAMED STRUCTURES BY BASE ISOLATION METHOD USING LEAD RUBBER BEARING

Volume/Issue : 2025;02(08)

Page No : 307-312

The ongoing global recognition of the pivotal role that women's empowerment plays in driving the socio-economic advancement of communities have garnered significant attention. Particularly, Self Help Groups (SHGs) have emerged as crucial vehicles for fostering women's empowerment, facilitating their engagement in sustainable micro-enterprises through various means, including but not limited to guidance, ongoing support, and active involvement. Expanding upon this topic, the primary objective of this academic inquiry is to comprehensively evaluate a spectrum of research initiatives centered on women's empowerment, with a specific focus on the unique dynamics present in the Sonitpur District of Assam. Through a detailed examination of past interventions and results linked to women's empowerment programs supported by SHGs, both in the broader Indian setting and more specifically in Assam, our aim is to extract valuable insights regarding the most successful strategies and effective practices implemented through these programs. It is important to highlight the unwavering commitment demonstrated by the government of Assam in elevating the status of women, notably by giving priority to aiding women's self-help groups, particularly those hailing from disadvantaged socioeconomic backgrounds, irrespective of their caste or religious affiliation. This dedication underscores a concerted effort to ensure that all women, regardless of their starting point, are equipped with the necessary resources and opportunities to thrive and contribute meaningfully to society, fostering a more inclusive and equitable environment for all.

Keywords : women's empowerment, self help groups (shgs), socio-economic welfare.

Author : Dr. Manali Upadhyay, Naimisha Saikia, Dr. Ravindra Pathak

Title : THE PROMINENCE OF SHG BUSINESS MODEL ON WOMEN EMPOWERMENT AND SOCIAL WELFARE: A BRIEF STUDY IN SONITPUR DISTRICT OF ASSAM

Volume/Issue : 2025;02(08)

Page No : 313-319

Depression is a leading mental health issue affecting millions worldwide, yet it often goes undiagnosed due to stigma, lack of awareness, or limited access to professional help. This project presents a novel AI-powered system that combines conversational AI (chatbot) with live facial expression analysis to detect early signs of depression. The chatbot engages users in casual and mental health-related conversations, while facial emotion recognition from live video feeds continuously monitors user expressions. By integrating Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Computer Vision with Machine Learning models, the system can flag potential symptoms of depression in real-time, offering a non-invasive and scalable screening solution

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Author : J Santhosh Kumar, Sunitha, Divyanjali, Gubba.Vaishnavi, Sreevani, Keerthi

Title : AI POWERD DEPRESSION DETECTION USING CHATBOT AND LIVE VIDEO FACIAL ANALYSIS

Volume/Issue : 2025;02(08)

Page No : 320-325

Controlling cursor movement through traditional devices like a mouse or touchpad may not be feasible for users with physical disabilities. Eye-tracking technology offers a promising alternative for hands-free computer interaction. This project, "Eye Ball Cursor Movement Using Open-CV", leverages computer vision techniques to detect and track a user’s eye movement in real time, enabling the control of mouse cursor movement based on gaze direction. The system uses a webcam to capture facial features and applies OpenCV algorithms to locate and track eye pupils. With minimal hardware and no need for expensive infrared or specialized eye-tracking equipment, this solution aims to make computing more accessible and inclusive, particularly for people with motor impairments.

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Author : P.Narsimha, P.Spandana, Mounika, Manjula, G.Spandana

Title : EYE BALL CURSOR MOVEMENT USING OPEN CV

Volume/Issue : 2025;02(08)

Page No : 326-332

Agriculture is the backbone of many developing economies, yet farmers often struggle to access timely and reliable information related to farming practices, weather conditions, government schemes, and market trends. The Farmers Agriculture Assistance Chatbot is an AI-powered virtual assistant designed to bridge this knowledge gap by offering real-time, interactive support to farmers. By leveraging Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Machine Learning (ML), the chatbot enables users to ask agricultural queries in their local language using either text or voice. It provides instant responses on a wide range of topics including crop selection, pest management, weather alerts, irrigation methods, and agricultural policies. This system reduces dependence on intermediaries, helps make informed decisions, and empowers farmers through technology-driven guidance.

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Author : M.Prasanna, Kavitha, P.Bhargavi, Niharika, Gayathribhavani

Title : FARMERS AGRICULTURE ASSISTANCE CHATBOT

Volume/Issue : 2025;02(08)

Page No : 333-339

The construction industry is one of the largest consumers of natural resources, especially natural aggregates, for the production of concrete and bituminous mixes. At the same time, it is also one of the largest producers of waste, generating millions of tons of construction and demolition (C&D) debris each year. Traditionally, these wastes have been disposed of in landfills or used in low-grade applications, thereby exerting additional pressure on natural aggregate sources and contributing to environmental degradation. To address these challenges, the recycling of construction and demolished concrete into aggregates for use in pavement construction offers an effective and sustainable solution. This research focuses on the preparation of bituminous concrete mixes using aggregates derived from demolished concrete. The study involves partial and complete replacement of natural aggregates with recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) obtained from C&D waste. Laboratory investigations such as Marshall Stability, flow value, bulk density, air voids, voids in mineral aggregates (VMA), and voids filled with bitumen (VFB) are carried out to evaluate the performance of these mixes. The results are compared with conventional mixes to determine the suitability of RCA in flexible pavements. The findings demonstrate that recycled aggregates, despite having slightly higher porosity and absorption than natural aggregates, can be successfully incorporated into bituminous mixes. Their angular texture improves aggregate–binder bonding and interlocking, while adjustments in bitumen content compensate for higher absorption. The use of recycled aggregates not only ensures sustainable utilization of C&D waste but also conserves natural resources, reduces construction costs, minimizes environmental impact, and aligns with the principles of circular economy and green highway initiatives.

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Author : V.Sandeep, P.Keerthi, Nazmina Yasmin, M.Nikitha, P.Arpitha, V.Ankitha

Title : PREPARATION OF BITUMINOUS CONCRETE MIXES BY USING CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLISHED CONCRETE

Volume/Issue : 2025;02(08)

Page No : 340-350

The incorporation of non-conventional fillers in asphalt concrete mixtures has become an emerging research trend aimed at improving pavement performance and promoting sustainable construction practices. Traditionally, fillers such as limestone dust, fly ash, and Portland cement have been widely used to fill voids, increase the density, and improve the binding of bitumen with aggregates in asphalt mixtures. However, the continuous extraction of conventional fillers, coupled with the rising demand for highway infrastructure, has created significant environmental and economic concerns. Consequently, attention has shifted toward utilizing alternative wastederived materials such as marble dust, granite slurry, ceramic waste powder, steel slag, brick dust, glass powder, quarry fines, and rice husk ash as non-conventional fillers in asphalt concrete. These materials, when finely ground and incorporated into mixtures, have demonstrated the potential to improve Marshall stability, moisture susceptibility, rutting resistance, fatigue life, and overall structural durability of pavements. Additionally, their use contributes to waste minimization and the circular economy by recycling large volumes of industrial and agricultural by-products that would otherwise pose disposal challenges. Studies highlight that non-conventional fillers can also improve cost-effectiveness in road projects by reducing reliance on natural resources while achieving comparable or superior performance to traditional fillers. This paper reviews the potential of using non-conventional fillers in asphalt concrete mixtures, focusing on their mechanical, environmental, and economic benefits, with the aim of establishing their viability in modern pavement engineering.

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Author : P.Sravanthi, K.Vasantha, T.Sravani, V.Manjula, Ch.Nikshitha

Title : USE OF NON-CONVENTIONAL FILLERS ON ASPHALT CONCRETE MIXTURE

Volume/Issue : 2025;02(08)

Page No : 351-359

The construction industry is one of the largest consumers of natural resources worldwide, with fine aggregates (sand) being a critical component in concrete production. The excessive demand for natural sand, driven by rapid urbanization, infrastructure expansion, and population growth, has resulted in environmental degradation, scarcity of resources, and escalating costs. This has prompted researchers to explore sustainable alternatives for fine aggregates in concrete production. Industrial waste materials, generated in massive quantities across the globe, offer a promising and eco-friendly solution for replacing fine aggregates. Common industrial wastes such as fly ash, blast furnace slag, quarry dust, foundry sand, copper slag, marble dust, silica fume, ceramic waste, and stone dust not only reduce reliance on natural sand but also contribute to solving the problem of waste disposal. The reuse of industrial by-products in concrete offers multiple benefits: conservation of natural resources, cost reduction, environmental protection, and improved mechanical and durability properties of concrete. Several studies have demonstrated that partial or complete replacement of fine aggregates with industrial waste enhances compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural behavior, density, and resistance to chemical attacks. However, the performance of concrete depends significantly on the type, fineness, and chemical composition of the waste material. Furthermore, integrating such wastes in construction practices supports sustainable development goals (SDGs), particularly those related to responsible consumption, waste management, and climate change mitigation. This study aims to comprehensively review the potential of industrial wastes as replacements for fine aggregates in concrete. It examines the physical and chemical properties of various industrial wastes, their effects on fresh and hardened concrete, the environmental advantages of waste utilization, and the challenges associated with large-scale adoption. The findings underscore that industrial waste can serve as a viable substitute for sand, provided appropriate mix design, proportioning, and quality control are ensured.

Keywords :

Author : A Uday, U.Nagarani, V.Geetha, D.Akhila, P.Swapna, S.Sreeja

Title : REPLACEMENT OF FINE AGGREGATE WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTE

Volume/Issue : 2025;02(08)

Page No : 360-370

One of the most cost-effective services in cloud computing is storage, used by businesses and individuals to outsource their massive data to untrusted servers. Efforts have studied problems around this application scenario in different fronts: efficiency, flexibility, reliability, and security. In this paper we address the security concerns of cloud storage under the scenario where users encrypt-then-outsource data, share their outsourced data with other users, and the service provider can be queried for searching and retrieval of encrypted data. As main distinctive, we propose a security approach for storage, sharing and retrieval of encrypted data in the cloud fully constructed on the basis of attribute-based encryption (ABE) thus enabling access control mechanisms over both the encrypted data and also for the information retrieval task through search access control. Compared to related works, our approach considers efficient encryption at three different levels: i) bulk encryption of data outsourced to the cloud, ii) keys management for access control over encrypted data by means of digital envelopes from attribute based encryption, and iii) novel construction for attribute based searchable encryption (ABSE). Our underlying ABE algorithms are carefully selected from the body of knowledge and novel constructions for ABSE are provided over the asymmetric setting (Type-III pairings) to support security levels of 128-bits or greater. Experimental results on benchmark data sets demonstrate the viability of our approach for practical realizations using Barreto-Naehrig curves

Keywords :

Author : M.Sowmya, M.Nikhila, G.Vigneshwar, Mrs.S.Pavani

Title : ATTRIBUTE-BASED ENCRYPTION APPROACH FOR STORAGE, SHARING AND RETRIEVAL OF ENCRYPTED DATA IN THE CLOUD

Volume/Issue : 2025;02(08)

Page No : 371-379

The management of the attendance can be a great burden on the teachers if it is done by hand. To resolve this problem, smart and auto attendance management system is being utilized. But authentication is an important issue in this system. The smart attendance system is generally executed with the help of biometrics. Face recognition is one of the biometric methods to improve thissystem. Being a prime feature of biometric verification, facial recognition is being used enormously in several such applications, like video monitoring and CCTV footage system, an interaction between computer & humans and access systems present indoors and network security. By utilizing this framework, the problem of proxies and students being marked present even though they are not physically present can easily be solved. The main implementation steps used in this type of system are face detection and recognizing the detected face. This paper proposes a model for implementing an automated attendance management system for students of a class by making use of face recognition technique, by using Eigenface values, Principle Component Analysis (PCA) and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). After these, the connection of recognized faces ought to be conceivable by comparing with the database containing student's faces. This model will be a successful technique to manage the attendance and records of students

Keywords :

Author : P. Charithavya, M. Nikhitha, T. Ajay, K. Abhilash, Mr. Jahangeer Pasha

Title : SMART ATTENDANCE SYSTEM USING FACE RECOGNITION

Volume/Issue : 2025;02(08)

Page No : 380-387

Chat-With-PDF is an innovative AI-driven tool that enables users to interact effortlessly with PDF documents. Powered by Google Gemini AI, this solution allows users to extract insights, summarize content, and ask context-aware questions while receiving instant responses. Unlike traditional search methods, this AI-enhanced approach enhances productivity by providing an intuitive and fluid document interaction experience. With advanced natural language processing (NLP), semantic search, and intelligent document understanding, Chat-With-PDF ensures information retrieval is handled coherently and smoothly. It is particularly beneficial for students, professionals, and researchers, offering an efficient way to analyze academic papers, legal documents, and business reports. By leveraging Google Gemini AI’s powerful capabilities, Chat-With-PDF transforms document handling, making it more harmonious and flawless. This smart innovation redefines the way users access information, allowing them to work perfectly and naturally within their digital documents

Keywords :

Author : R. Vaishnavi, Y. Pranitha, G. Chandrashekar Azad, Mrs. N. Priyanka

Title : CHAT WITH PDFs: INTERACT WITH PDFs USING GOOGLE GEMINI AI

Volume/Issue : 2025;02(08)

Page No : 388-394

The increasing complexity of querying relational databases using Structured Query Language (SQL) has led to a growing demand for more accessible and intuitive interfaces. This paper proposes a novel approach to SQL schema generation, utilizing Google Gemini AI to enable natural language querying of relational databases. By integrating natural language processing (NLP) and machine learning (ML) techniques, our approach facilitates the automatic generation of SQL queries from natural language inputs. Our methodology leverages Gemini AI's capabilities in semantic parsing, entity recognition, and intent identification to map natural language queries to corresponding SQL queries. We evaluate our approach using a comprehensive dataset of natural language queries and relational databases, demonstrating its effectiveness in generating accurate and efficient SQL queries. The proposed approach has significant implications for various applications, including business intelligence, data science, and data-driven decision-making

Keywords :

Author : A.Ganesh, A.Maneesh, V.Raghava, Mr.J.Sudheerkumar

Title : SQL SCHEMA GENERATION: QUERYING RELATIONAL DATABASES WITH NATURAL LANGUAGE USING GOOGLE GEMINI AI

Volume/Issue : 2025;02(08)

Page No : 395-401