Journal of Science Engineering Technology and Management Science

Rapid urban transformation across the Balkan region has intensified the interaction between cities, capital inflows, and growth trajectories, particularly through real estate–led development strategies. The purpose of this study is to examine how foreign direct investment (FDI) influences urban growth patterns by channeling capital into real estate markets and reshaping the spatial and economic structure of Balkan cities. The study adopts a quantitative research design using panel data drawn from selected Balkan economies over the period 2005–2023. Secondary data sourced from international databases and national urban development reports are analyzed using panel regression and mediation techniques to assess the dynamic relationship between FDI inflows, real estate investment, and urban economic growth. The findings reveal that FDI exerts a statistically significant and positive effect on urban growth, with real estate investment functioning as a critical transmission mechanism. Cities attracting sustained capital inflows experience accelerated infrastructure development, rising property values, and expanded construction activity, which collectively contribute to short- and medium-term economic growth. However, the results also indicate uneven development outcomes, highlighting emerging risks related to speculative investment and spatial inequality. The originality of this study lies in its city-level empirical focus on the Balkans, a region that remains underexplored in urban economics and investment literature. By integrating capital dynamics with real estate–driven urbanization, the study offers a connected analytical framework linking global investment flows with local urban transformation. The results provide valuable insights for policymakers, urban planners, and investors seeking to balance growth, sustainability, and inclusiveness in rapidly transforming Balkan cities.

Keywords : Channelling, Speculative, Estate–Driven, Estate–Driven, FDI, Real estate, Urban development, Urban Economics, Investment

Author : Dr. MUHAMMAD ALI SHAHZAD

Title : A RESEARCH PAPER ON CITIES, CAPITAL AND GROWTH: REAL ESTATE–LED URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND FDI DYNAMICS IN THE BALKANS

Volume/Issue : 2026;03(03)

Page No : 1-15

This study focuses on the evaluation of merchant acquisition & QR Payments Adoption of India post payments bank (IPPB). IPPB plays a significant role in expanding digital financial services by utilizing the vast India post network to reach merchants across rural and semi urban areas. The primary objective of this study is to analyse the extent of QR payment adoption among IPPB merchants and asses the effectiveness of IPPBS’S merchant acquisition strategy. This study examines the role of India post staff and postal network in on boarding merchants and promoting QR- based digital payments. Doorstep banking services, awareness programs, and continuous support provided by postal employees are analysed to understand their impact on merchant participation. The research also evaluates the level of usage, convenience, and benefits experienced by merchants after adopting IPPB QR payments, including ease of transactions, reduced cash dependency, improved transparency, and customer satisfaction. Further, the study identifies various challenges faced by merchants while using IPPB QR payments. These challenges include limited digital literacy, lack of technical knowledge, network connectivity issues, concerns regarding security, and resistance to adopting digital modes of payments. Understanding these issues helps in assessing the gaps in the existing merchant acquisition and digital payments frame work. The study is based on both primary and secondary data. Primary data is collected through structured questionnaires and direct interactions with IPPB merchants, while secondary data is gathered from journals, reports, official IPPB publications, and digital payment studies. The findings reveal that while IPPB has successfully expanded QR payment adoption among merchants, continuous training, awareness initiatives, and technological improvements are necessary for sustained to improve merchant acquisition and enhance the effectiveness of QR payment usage in IPPB, contributing to financial inclusion and a cashless economy nationwide.

Keywords : cashless economy, Indian postal payments bank, merchant acquisition, QR payments, digital literacy, digital payments, rural banking.

Author : C. Hari Chandana, S. Izaz Ahammed

Title : A PROJECT ON MERCHANT ACQUISITION & QR PAYMENTS IN IPPB

Volume/Issue : 2026;03(03)

Page No : 16-28

The rapid growth of electric vehicles (EVs) has significantly increased the demand for fast and efficient charging infrastructure. Multi-port fast EV charging stations enable simultaneous charging of multiple vehicles, but they introduce major challenges such as power imbalance, grid stress, peak load demand, and inefficient energy utilization. To address these issues, this paper proposes an Adaptive Smart Energy Management System (ASEMS) for multi-port fast EV charging stations.The proposed system dynamically allocates available power among multiple charging ports based on real-time parameters such as battery state-of-charge (SoC), vehicle priority, grid availability, and peak demand conditions. An intelligent control algorithm continuously monitors load variations and optimizes power distribution to minimize energy losses, reduce charging time, and prevent grid overloading. The system also integrates renewable energy sources and energy storage systems to enhance sustainability and reliability.Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed adaptive strategy improves energy efficiency, reduces peak demand stress on the grid, and ensures balanced load sharing compared to conventional fixed power allocation methods. The developed framework provides a scalable and cost-effective solution for next-generation multi-port fast EV charging infrastructure.

Keywords : Adaptive Energy Management, Multi-Port EV Charger, Fast Charging Stations, Smart Power Allocation, Load Balancing, Electric Vehicle (EV), DC Fast Charging, Real-Time Energy Optimization, Grid Integration

Author : B. VINOD KUMAR, K. VENKAT RAO, S. SWAPNA, T. ARUN KUMAR

Title : ADAPTIVE SMART ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR MULTI-PORT FAST EV CHARGING STATIONS

Volume/Issue : 2026;03(03)

Page No : 29-35

Power quality disturbances such as voltage sag, swell, and interruptions significantly affect sensitive loads in power distribution systems. This paper proposes a Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) capable of mitigating these disturbances without employing conventional controllers such as P, PI, PID, fuzzy logic, or neural networks. The proposed DVR consists of a battery energy storage system, Voltage Source Inverter (VSI), LC filter, series injection transformer, and control circuitry for pulse generation. The three-phase supply voltages are transformed into the Direct–Quadrature–Zero (DQ0) reference frame and compared with reference values to generate error signals. Under normal operating conditions, no compensating voltage is injected. During disturbances, the detected error signals are processed through inverse DQ0 transformation to generate switching pulses for the VSI, enabling appropriate voltage injection to restore the load voltage to its rated value. Simulation results obtained in MATLAB/Simulink demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed DVR in mitigating balanced and unbalanced sags, swells, and single- and three-phase outages.

Keywords : Dynamic voltage restorer (DVR), sag, swells, short interruption, power quality, VSI

Author : G.JAYA CHANDRA, MR.V.V.NARAYANA REDDY, D.YEDUKONDALU,J.V.LOKESH

Title : ENHANCED POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT USING ENERGY STORAGE INTEGRATED DYNAMIC VOLTAGE RESTORER

Volume/Issue : 2026;03(03)

Page No : 36-42